The definition of Bunkering and Bunker
Bunkering refers to the process of supplying fuel to ships. It includes delivering the fuel needed for engines and machinery onboard. Sometimes, it also includes providing essentials like food and water for the crew.
A “bunker” is the term used for the fuel stored onboard a ship. It is also used to describe the ship’s fuel tank itself. The term “fuel bunker” often refers specifically to the storage tank holding the ship’s fuel.
The word bunkering traces its origins back to the 19th century during the era of steamships. Steam-powered vessels relied on coal to fuel their engines, and this coal was stored in dedicated compartments called bunkers. The practice of refueling these ships became known as “bunkering.”
Methods of Bunkering
Bunkering can happen in different ways depending on where a ship is and what it needs. There are three main methods: ship-to-ship, sternline bunkering, and port bunkering.
Ship-to-Ship Bunkering
Ship-to-ship (STS) bunkering involves refueling a vessel directly from a bunker barge or tanker while both are at sea (offshore). The supplying vessel moors alongside the receiving vessel, and fuel is transferred through flexible hoses specifically designed for this purpose.
STS bunkering is widely used for large vessels, such as tankers and bulk carriers, operating on tight schedules.
Sternline Bunkering
Sternline bunkering is a method of refueling at sea where the fuel-supplying vessel positions itself behind the receiving vessel. A long, floating hose is used to transfer fuel from the supplying ship to the receiving ship’s tanks.
This method is often chosen for smaller vessels or when speed is a critical factor, but it requires heightened monitoring to prevent accidents.
Port Bunkering
Port bunkering occurs when a vessel is refueled while docked at a port. Fuel is supplied directly to the ship’s tanks through pipelines or tanker trucks, depending on the port infrastructure.
Port bunkering is ideal for vessels that can plan refueling stops in advance, such as cruise ships, ferries, and container vessels.
Comparison of Bunkering Methods
| Feature | Ship-to-Ship (STS) Bunkering | Sternline Bunkering | Port Bunkering |
|---|---|---|---|
| Location | Offshore | Offshore | At port |
| Fuel Transfer Rate | High | Moderate | High |
| Weather Dependence | High | Very High | Low |
| Safety | Moderate | Moderate | High |
| Efficiency | High (for large volumes) | Moderate (for smaller volumes) | High (when infrastructure is available) |
| Use Case | Large vessels on tight schedules | Smaller vessels; time-critical | Planned refueling with oversight |
Types of Bunkers
The type of fuel used depends on regulations, engine requirements, and environmental considerations. There are three common types of Bunkers:
Low Sulfur Fuel Oil (LSFO)
Low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) has reduced sulphur content, making it a cleaner option for ships. It helps to minimise air pollution and is required in areas with strict environmental regulations. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set global standards to reduce sulphur emissions from ships. LSFO is often used to comply with these rules while lowering the environmental impact of maritime operations.
High Sulfur Fuel Oil (HSFO)
High sulfur fuel oil (HSFO) contains higher levels of sulphur and is more polluting. Its use is allowed in areas with less strict regulations, but its popularity is declining. Regulations now limit the sulphur content in marine fuels, pushing ship operators to switch to alternatives like LSFO or Liquified Natural Gas (LNG). HSFO remains an option for certain vessels equipped with scrubbers that minimise sulphur emissions during combustion.
Marine Gas Oil (MGO)
Marine gas oil (MGO) is a cleaner-burning fuel with lower sulphur content. It is suitable for engines that require a purer fuel source. MGO is often used in areas where stricter environmental controls are in place. Unlike heavy fuels, MGO burns more efficiently and produces fewer pollutants. However, it is more expensive than other options, which limits its widespread use.
As the shipping industry works to minimise pollution, fuels like LSFO, MGO, and even Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) are becoming more common. These options align with regulations aimed at reducing the environmental footprint of global shipping.
Important Bunkering Ports Around the World
Singapore is the largest bunkering hub in the world. It handles record-breaking volumes of bunker fuel every year. In 2023, it supplied over 51 million tonnes of fuel, setting a new industry standard.
Other major ports play a vital role in global bunkering. Rotterdam in Europe is known for its advanced facilities. Fujairah in the Middle East is a key hub for vessels passing through the Gulf. Houston in the United States is another important port for fuel supply.
Safety and Risks in Bunkering Operations
The transfer of fuel can be risky without the right preparations. Spills and leaks are some of the biggest hazards during these operations. Contamination is another issue that can damage ship engines and harm the environment. Careful planning helps reduce these dangers.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) works to protect the seas with strict regulations. MARPOL rules are in place to prevent spills and minimise pollution. These guidelines ensure ships handle fuel safely and avoid accidents.
Safety equipment is essential for every operation. Crews rely on oil spill kits and containment barriers to stop spills from spreading. Emergency stop systems are also used to shut down fuel transfers if needed. Regular checks and training prepare everyone for unexpected problems.
Every step matters when it comes to safety. Following rules and using the right tools makes a huge difference in keeping people and the environment safe.
Fraud and Deceptive Bunkering Processes
Fuel transfers are not always straightforward. Some ship-to-ship (STS) bunkering operations are used to hide illegal activities. This is known as a deceptive shipping practice (DSP). Ships may use STS bunkering to disguise the origin or destination of their fuel. These actions make it harder to track and enforce shipping regulations.
Fraud during bunkering can have serious consequences. In some cases, ships receive poor-quality fuel, leading to engine failures.
Bunkering fraud poses significant risks to maritime operations. A notable example occurred in 2022 when fuel contamination in Singapore affected over 200 ships. Analysts estimated the incident’s value at over $120 million. Maritime Executive
Similarly, in 2018, the Port of Houston faced a contamination issue where compounds used to make glue were blended into the bunker supply. This led to numerous vessels experiencing operational problems. The Loadstar
